Alcatel Onetouch Evolve 2 Betriebsanweisung PDF herunterladen (Seite 67)

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3. What kinds of phones are the subject of this update?

The term “wireless phone” refers here to hand-held wireless phones with built-in antennas, often called “cell,” “mobile,” or “PCS”

phones. These types of wireless phones can expose the user to measurable radiofrequency energy (RF) because of the short distance

between the phone and the user’s head. These RF exposures are limited by Federal Communications Commission safety guidelines that

were developed with the advice of FDA and other federal health and safety agencies. When the phone is located at greater distances

from the user, the exposure to RF is drastically lower because a person’s RF exposure decreases rapidly with increasing distance from

the source. The so-called “cordless phones,” which have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house, typically operate at

far lower power levels, and thus produce RF exposures far below the FCC safety limits.

4. What are the results of the research done already?

The research done thus far has produced conflicting results, and many studies have suffered from flaws in their research methods. Animal

experiments investigating the effects of radiofrequency energy (RF) exposures characteristic of wireless phones have yielded conflicting

results that often cannot be repeated in other laboratories. A few animal studies, however, have suggested that low levels of RF could

accelerate the development of cancer in laboratory animals. However, many of the studies that showed increased tumor development

used animals that had been genetically engineered or treated with cancer-causing chemicals so as to be predisposed to develop cancer

in the absence of RF exposure. Other studies exposed the animals to RF for up to 22 hours per day. These conditions are not similar

to the conditions under which people use wireless phones, so we don’t know with certainty what the results of such studies mean for

human health. Three large epidemiology studies have been published since December 2000. Between them, the studies investigated any

possible association between the use of wireless phones and primary brain cancer, glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neu-roma, tumors

of the brain or salivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers. None of the studies demonstrated the existence of any harmful health effects

from wireless phone RF exposures. However, none of the studies can answer questions about long-term exposures, since the average

period of phone use in these studies was around three years.

5. What research is needed to decide whether RF exposure from wireless phones poses a health risk?

A combination of laboratory studies and epidemiological studies of people actually using wireless phones would provide some of the data

that are needed. Lifetime animal exposure studies could be completed in a few years. However, very large numbers of animals would

be needed to provide reliable proof of a cancer promoting effect if one exists. Epidemiological studies can provide data that is directly

applicable to human populations, but 10 or more years’ follow-up may be needed to provide answers about some health effects, such

as cancer. This is because the interval between the time of exposure to a cancer-causing agent and the time tumors develop - if they

do -may be many, many years. The interpretation of epidemiological studies is hampered by difficulties in measuring actual RF exposure

during day-to-day use of wireless phones. Many factors affect this measurement, such as the angle at which the phone is held, or which

model of phone is used.

6. What is FDA doing to find out more about the possible health effects of wireless phone RF?

FDA is working with the U.S. National Toxicology Program and with groups of investigators around the world to ensure that high priority

animal studies are conducted to address important questions about the effects of exposure to radiofrequency energy (RF). FDA has been

a leading participant in the World Health Organization International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project since its inception in 1996. An

influential result of this work has been the development of a detailed agenda of research needs that has driven the establishment of new

research programs around the world. The Project has also helped develop a series of public information documents on EMF issues. FDA

and the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association (CTIA) have a formal Cooperative Research and Development Agreement

(CRADA) to do research on wireless phone safety. FDA provides the scientific oversight, obtaining input from experts in government,

industry, and academic organizations. CTIA-funded research is conducted through contracts to independent investigators. The initial

research will include both laboratory studies and studies of wireless phone users. The CRADA will also include a broad assessment of

additional research needs in the context of the latest research developments around the world.

7. How can I find out how much radiofrequency energy exposure I can get by using my wireless phone?

All phones sold in the United States must comply with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) guidelines that limit radiofrequency

energy (RF) exposures. FCC established these guidelines in consultation with FDA and the other federal health and safety agencies. The

FCC limit for RF exposure from wireless telephones is set at a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 1.6 watts per kilogram (1.6 W/kg).

The FCC limit is consistent with the safety standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) and the

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement. The exposure limit takes into consideration the body’s ability to remove

heat from the tissues that absorb energy from the wireless phone and is set well below levels known to have effects. Manufacturers of

wireless phones must report the RF exposure level for each model of phone to the FCC. The FCC website (http://www.fda.gov (under

“c” in the subject index, select Cell Phones > Research)) gives directions for locating the FCC identification number on your phone so

you can find your phone’s RF exposure level in the online listing.

8. What has FDA done to measure the radiofrequency energy coming from wireless phones?

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is developing a technical standard for measuring the radiofrequency energy (RF)

exposure from wireless phones and other wireless handsets with the participation and leadership of FDA scientists and engineers. The

standard, “Recommended Practice for Determining the Spatial-Peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Body Due to Wireless

Communications Devices: Experimental Techniques,” sets forth the first consistent test methodology for measuring the rate at which RF

is deposited in the heads of wireless phone users. The test method uses a tissue-simulating model of the human head. Standardized SAR

test methodology is expected to greatly improve the consistency of measurements made at different laboratories on the same phone.

SAR is the measurement of the amount of energy absorbed in tissue, either by the whole body or a small part of the body. It is measured

in watts/kg (or milliwatts/g) of matter. This measurement is used to determine whether a wireless phone complies with safety guidelines.

9. What steps can I take to reduce my exposure to radiofrequency energy from my wireless phone?

If there is a risk from these products—and at this point we do not know that there is—it is probably very small. But if you are concerned

about avoiding even potential risks, you can take a few simple steps to minimize your exposure to radiofrequency energy (RF). Since

time is a key factor in how much exposure a person receives, reducing the amount of time spent using a wireless phone will reduce

RF exposure.

• If you must conduct extended conversations by wireless phone every day, you could place more distance between your body and the

source of the RF, since the exposure level drops off dramatically with distance.

For example, you could use a headset and carry the wireless phone away from your body or use a wireless phone connected to a

remote antenna. Again, the scientific data do not demonstrate that wireless phones are harmful. But if you are concerned about the RF

exposure from these products, you can use measures like those described above to reduce your RF exposure from wireless phone use.

10. What about children using wireless phones?

The scientific evidence does not show a danger to users of wireless phones, including children and teenagers. If you want to take

steps to lower exposure to radiofrequency energy (RF), the measures described above would apply to children and teenagers using

wireless phones. Reducing the time of wireless phone use and increasing the distance between the user and the RF source will reduce

RF exposure. Some groups sponsored by other national governments have advised that children be discouraged from using wireless

phones at all. For example, the government in the United Kingdom distributed leaflets containing such a recommendation in December

2000. They noted that no evidence exists that using a wireless phone causes brain tumors or other ill effects. Their recommendation

to limit wireless phone use by children was strictly precautionary; it was not based on scientific evidence that any health hazard exists.

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